B.C.C. Logo B.C.C. Logo

Newsletter March 2005


Certain details such as members contact details have been omitted.


BCC Newsletter March 2005

Burnley Caving Club Newsletter First Quarter 2005 B.C.C. Logo

 

 

 

 

 

EDITOR JACK NADIN

WELCOME TO THE FIRST NEWSLETTER OF 2005

Club News


The club is running on a bit of a high just lately and our ‘fortunes’ are at last looking up. When I say ‘fortunes’ I mean that after many years we are at last financially secure with a little money in the bank—at least for the year 2005. This is largely due to the efforts of our Treasurer, Shaun who has succeeded in getting a number of grants and donations for the club—to whom we say a BIG THANK YOU. Because of Shaun’s efforts we have been able to purchase six SRT kits, oversuits, undersuits, helmets and lamps etc., and his continued efforts will, it is hoped, enable us to get the money to provide secure accommodation at the clubrooms for the new tackle—which in club circles has been nicknamed the ‘cage’. However, having said that, there are still a few members who have yet to part with their brass in the way of subs. The club year begins on January 1st For those unpaid members who are still having doubts, even in spite of the recent increase in subscriptions, this is only equal to less than fifty pence per week. Please pay up!

FORMATIONS IN GAVEL POT 19th February 2005, photo, Jack Nadin

The club has an active meets list for this coming year—with trips to suit all abilities. If you are able to make it to any of the meets please do so—and why not bring the kids along on easier trips, or even your mate or partners. The ‘to be confirmed’ meets published in the newsletter before Christmas have now been confirmed—see below for the amendments.
Sometime in May this year (you will be notified of the date) we hope to have an open day for the club at the clubrooms and the area around it. The main objective being to attract new members. Activities and events planned include a barbeque, slide shows, stalls, a rope slide, and access to the climbing wall and ladder/SRT tower. Any potential members we might attract will be taken out on a trip the following weekend. But this will also be an event, which you the member can attend and show support for the club, making it a social event in the clubs calendar—so please come along and show support. This is after all our fifty fifth-anniversary year.

OTHER NEWS: Garth has asked me to point out the following. A number of the clubs periodicals and books are still missing from the library—in particular the whole of our video collection is still missing. If you have any of the above items PLEASE return as soon as possible. He (Garth) continues to catalogue and update the library holdings, and a full list of these can be seen on the Website, or as a printed document in the clubrooms. From my own point of view as an historian, I can tell you that Burnley Caving Club has one of the finest library collection of caving literature available anywhere, with archive material going back to the 1830s to the present day. This is available to all paid up members to use—but don’t forget to bring it back! A new publication ‘The White Rose Pothole Club 1954-2004’ has been added to the library, along with George Perfect’s book. The usual ‘Descent’ and ‘Caves and Caving’ have also been received.

CONGRATULATIONS:
To Wayne and Tina on their forthcoming marriage in August after some eight years of courting. The main reception will be held in Gaping Ghyll main chamber on the same day (Only joking, for those of you who were going to make the trek up there!)

Secretary’s report
14 February 2005
The British Caving Association club membership and P.L. insurance has now been paid for current paid up members. Members of 2004 who have not paid their subs are not current members and should pay their subs now if they wish to continue caving with the Burnley Caving Club. The BCA is now the controlling body for all caving organisations, such as CNCC and BCRA. If we are not a paid up member club to the BCA we are not able to obtain caving permits from the regional access councils. Cavers who are not covered by the insurance scheme are at risk when caving with other uninsured cavers. It is not fair on paid up members when other cavers who are not member’s are using our permits, our insurance and our caving tackle. This year the insurance is £18.00 for cavers, £6.00 for non-cavers. The clubs subs are £25.00 for caver and £10.00 for non-caver. This includes the insurance cost. The club this year is able to keep subs down. We are not able to continue our tradition of honorary members, as they would be at risk under any public liability claim, the cost of the P.I. insurance makes this impractical. The honorary President is covered by the scheme. We will continue to keep our contacts with early members, ex-members and friends of the club who receive the club newsletter and who sometimes attend the club dinner as guests. This is the legal situation these days every member has to be named and insured with such schemes as the British Caving Association.
Peter Wilson
Club Secretary

WANTED:
Articles for the newsletter: You can email them to me at or post them to me. We now have the facilities for copying photos as well as negatives and slides. To this end a number of negatives from the ‘Roy Swindlehurst Collection’ have been copied and included in the library catalogue on CD ROMs. If you have any old photos or negatives and slides that we could copy for the archives please let us know—once copied they will all be returned and all preserved for future generations. We are particularly interested in early images of BCCs activities—but any good quality photos will be considered. Did you get your copy of ‘Review 2004’? If not a few copies are still available, contact Peter Wilson for details.

AMENDED MEETS LIST:
March 12th, Lancaster Hole—permit received.
March 26th Lost John’s Cave—permit received.
April 10th Mongo Ghyll Hole and Great Expectations,permit received,Alan Weight of CPC will be the leader taking us into Great Expectations, where there are apparently some great formations (camera?)
May 14th Penyghent Pot—permit received, Duncan Smith Co-ordinator
June 4th Gingling Hole—permit received, Duncan Smith Co-ordinator
August 14th Notts Pot-- permit received
September 1st Box Head Pot/Lost John’s Cave, Dave Farnworth
October 8th County Pot/Wretched Rabbit, Jack Nadin
The Alderley Copper Mines venue in November is being arranged through Derbyshire Caving Club—watch this space.
Don’t forget the Dentdale Camp to mark the club’s 55th anniversary June 18th and 19th.
A full-amended meets list can be seen on the notice board in the clubrooms.

NORTHERN NEWS FROM DESCENT MAGAZINE:
The original entrance to Cherry Tree Hole on the east side of Fountains Fell at Darnbrook, explored by Craven in the 1960s had become unstable. A new entrance has now been excavated and shored up with scaffold tubes by the club. Cherry Tree is on the meets list for May 28th, but please not that the new scaffolding does not extend all the way down. Two eight metre ladders are required to rig the pot from the top of the scaffolding to the bottom of the old first pitch. The original entrance is now blocked by several boulders, and should be avoided. The Malham Cove Rising exploration continued through the winter months through a very loose area which is being shored up with scaffold poles (thank God for scaffolding poles) At God’s Bridge Rising in Chapel-le-Dale, John Cordingley and Adrian Hall have been making progress which allows a further 4 metres of passageway, bringing the total length to 50 metres. Wet weather in the winter months thwarted the efforts of Bradford Potholing Club’s efforts in the Klondyke Pot dig—but the challenge is not over yet. The summer months should be more fruitful. The Yorkshire Dales Society will be holding a lecture on the Mines and Miners’ of Hebden at the Octagon Room at Grassington town hall on 9th April 2005 at 2.15pm.

RECENT RESCUES
On Thursday December 30th just before 1 am. the CRO were called out to Ease Ghyll Caverns, where three cavers were reported overdue on a trip from Top Sink thro’ to Wretched Rabbit. The group were located at Holbeck Junction having been held back by flooding. They were assisted out through Wretched Rabbit. Overall, 2004 was a quiet year for the CRO, although there were 48 call-outs. Two of these were climbing incidents, ten were animal rescues, and 24 of these were on the surface. The latter included two cavers who walked the wrong way back to the car after a trip in Ireby Fell Caverns. They wandered 8 km in poor visibility and ended up in the neighbouring valley, Deepdale. All told there were eight call-outs for underground incidents by the CRO in 2004, ranging from a dislocated shoulder in Ease Ghyll, a lost caver in Mistral, a search of Ireby Fell Caverns for two cavers who had taken the wrong turn (a difficult achievement) two cavers trapped by flooding in Kingsdale Master Cave (sorry it has to be reported, Chris) a search of Sell Ghyll Holes, and the sad fatality in Notts Pit.

SOME RECENT TRIPS
Manchester Hole/Goyden Pot
16/1/2005
Weather:
Fine and sunny, and then cloudy with rain.
Present: Chris Bosomworth, Peter Wilson, Dave Farnsworth, Liz (?) Jessica Reynolds, (Jack’s granddaughter) and Corry (Jessica’s classmate/boyfriend, well, for that particular week anyway)
After an expensive breakfast at the show cave, Stump Cross Caverns, the aforementioned made their way down to Pateley Bridge (for petrol) before heading off up the road to Lofthouse. A few miles up the reservoir road here, brought us to the bricked up arch of the former mineral railway used for the construction of the reservoir many years ago—and the place to park.
Down in the river valley we could see a gaping hole besides the river, which by deduction and consultation with various guide books we finally arrived at the conclusion that this was Manchester Hole. Goyden Pot therefore must be further downstream. After a quick change and an inspection of Manchester Hole we followed the river downstream where the River Nidd plunged into a hole under a cliff. The first obstacles proved to be two large tree trunks lodged in the entrance—but these were soon overcome. Once inside, the keen explorers first investigated an oxbow on the left—others followed the stream, which soon disappeared over the edge of a pitch of about twenty five feet. The first oxbow proved fruitless being blocked by flood debris. A low crawl was then investigated also on the left hand side taking a small amount of water. This led to a six foot drop into a muddy fossil passage—turning right here led to a stance overlooking the main streamway far below, with the water coming in from the pitch already mentioned. (A dry alternative for those who want to mess about with ladders!) Left was an ascending muddy passage with various climbs, which led to nowhere in particular, possibly the link with Manchester Hole, see details at the end—but it was investigated anyway.
Frustration was now setting in, and Pete Wilson and others looked to me for inspiration for the way on—as if I was the only one who’d ever been in the cave!. We knew that there was a way around the pitch to gain the mainstream passage—but I explained that it was about ten years since I was last in Goyden! Undeterred, we returned back to the main entrance passage, where Chris soon found a sandy crawl and the way on. For future reference, this is a short distance from the entrance on the right hand side going in. The crawl soon opened up and led us downwards to the main stream passage just below the pitch. A couple of fierce watery cascades were negotiated—but, because of the large amount of water here, and the fact that we had two youngsters with us, it was decided it would be more prudent to retreat. No! we are not softies—better to be safe than sorry, and the two kids were only eleven years old!. Both Manchester Hole and Goyden Pot are extremely flood prone. Back outside at the entrance to Goyden, flood debris was noticed fifteen foot up the rock face!. Logs of wood were also noticed strewn about well away from the main stream passage—even stuck up in the roof! Chris, Liz and Dave investigated Manchester Hole on the way back, even though it was now raining. Here too, flood debris littered the banks of the river high above the entrance to Manchester Hole—meaning that in times of flood, the River Nidd would plunge straight into the hole. The River Nidd in normal weather sinks several yards up stream of Manchester Hole—not like the day we went when it continued to flow on into Goyden Pot a couple of fields below. Otherwise, a good trip—and the kids rounded off the day by going through the little cave near How Stean Gorge on their own, while Will and me enjoyed another expensive cup of coffee at the café there. I could tell that the kids had enjoyed the day out—because once they’d eaten their sandwiches, they slept all the way home—and I had a peaceful journey back!.

I found the following on the Internet ( www.braemoor.co.uk by John Gardner used with thanks) which should provide inspiration for another trip to Manchester Hole and Goyden in the near future and better weather. It can be a good trip, and what’s more, it appears that it can be a through trip!.

Jack Nadin

“The three main caves of the Upper Nidderdale Valley provide an excellent day's caving. At the upstream end, Manchester Hole is a classic river cave, which leads directly into the complex and sometimes intimidating Goyden Pot. New Goyden Pot is the downstream continuation of Goyden Pot, entered via a couple of pitches, and includes a set of worthwhile inlet passages.The caving potential of the systems has changed dramatically in the last ten years. Before the Black Sheep Diggers arrived on the scene, Manchester Hole had a single upstream entrance, and Goyden had a main entrance and a small subsidiary entrance. As a result of their efforts, the two caves are now connected, Manchester Hole now has a downstream entrance, and Goyden has an additional four entrances, all at the extremities of the system. The route described here is only possible as the direct result of their hard work and dedication. It traverses the best sections of Manchester Hole and Goyden Pot, and provides three hours of exhilarating caving which includes river passages, large chambers, several rope pitches, crawling, boulder chokes, labyrinths, and best of all, a through trip. This is one of the most fun and varied caving trips to be had in the Dales. It does, however, require that water levels are average or below, and that water is not flowing down the entrance of Goyden.
The system floods drastically, and the route in places follows the River Nidd through some confined passages. It is also not unknown for flood debris to block passages, so be prepared to encounter the odd tree trunk in unexpected places. It's also worth taking a copy of the Goyden Pot Survey with you, which has been adapted (with permission) from that found in Northern Caves.The trip starts at the upstream entrance of Manchester Hole, which is located a few metres below where the river sinks. Most of Manchester Hole is very straight forward. At one stage you need to either thread your way with the water through some boulders, or follow a high level route through the higher-level Main Chamber.
Once past Main Chamber, the river passage continues in fine style before lowering into a smaller section, which requires a short length of crawling. The roof then rises, and another fine section of river passage is traversed until the roof dips uncompromisingly into the water. However, the river doesn't actually sump straight ahead as it seems, but does an almost 180° turn into a small concealed passage to the right. Follow this through into the sump chamber proper. Next to the diving line, a muddy passage (Swinton Bypass) makes its way in an uphill direction, soon breaking out in the roof of Diver's Chamber. By traversing round and stepping up onto a ledge, a rift may be found that ascends to the Bax Pot entrance. We, however, must slither back down to the river to find the connection with Goyden Pot. Once back in the water make awkward progress downstream for a few metres. The route first negotiates a fallen slab, and then along a bedding plane to where a higher bedding rises up on the right hand side of the stream. Enter this, and a muddy-looking hole will be seen in the right hand wall a couple of metres ‘downstream’.
Squeeze through the hole into an ascending rift, which was dug out by the Black Sheep Diggers. This leads up into Eternal Optimist, the connection passage originally entered from the Goyden end. A few metres further on, roots may be seen hanging down a rift on the left. These mark the entrance to the now-blocked Lesser Stream Pot. Continue down the passage to a descent into a rift, which leads back to the river. This initially cascades through a slot, which can be very wet. The next 20 m are the crux as far as water levels are concerned. If the slot doesn’t look too silly, then the rest of Lesser Stream Passage will be accessible. However, do be prepared to retreat from this point. You can exit out of Bax Pot and re-enter the system through the Goyden Pot main entrance. Accompany the water down the slot to where some of it turns right through a boulder-filled bedding. The water disappears down holes in the boulders, but our route is straight across to the far side, where an obvious hole marks an easy descent back to the water.
The water flows down a slab, and through a small rift, to where a hidden crawl on the left leads into a larger section. The river may now be followed easily down Lesser Stream Passage into the expanses of Goyden's main passage. We now make our way down the impressive River Passage. A chain hanging down the right wall marks the climb up to Gaskell's Passage and the Church Pot entrance, which will be our exit. The passage then lowers before arriving at a T-Junction. To the right, the river disappears into a sump after a few metres - to the left leads into the Labyrinth Passage. Follow Labyrinth Passage past two junctions on the left, and then a low one on the right (you will soon emerge from the latter). Keeping left at the next obvious junction leads to Five Ways Chamber - a low chamber with a number of passages leading off. Take the second on the left (it normally has a small stream), and follow it uphill to the Ten Foot Climb - equipped with a smart aluminium ladder. This immediately leads into the very impressive Cap Tunnel Have a quick look upstream to the left - it divides into two, with the small passage on the right being Cap Left Crawl leading back to the entrance.
Returning,the way on can be found by ducking under the rock arch from which the stream emerges. This passage passes an inlet on the left (the source of the water at Five Ways), and continues in impressive style, before it also splits into two. Take the right hand passage, and follow the bored tube downhill. After a minute or so, it deteriorates into a crawl through a pool, which can be more interestingly bypassed by a high-level rift on the right. The next feature is the descent of the Twenty Foot Pitch, which is well rigged with a knotted rope. At the bottom of the rope climb, there is a chute into a lower level bedding plane. Ignore it and continue along the main passage past the large entrance into Worm Drive, to the well-named Baffle Plates, where there is a descent into Mud Pot. Ignore this as well, and carry on until the passage terminates at High Rift. This is as far as we go.
We now want to make our way back via the New Stream Passage. This most aesthetically pleasing route back-tracks a few metres, to a constricted T-shaped rift in the right wall, through which can be heard the sound of water. Enter this, and after a few metres a knotted rope drops past a flake down towards the 11 metre-deep sump pool of New Stream Passage. Slide easily down to land on a prominent ledge system, about three metres below the flake. Traverse along the ledge over the pool for a metre or so towards the far end of the rift. You can then turn round, and enter a bedding ledge crawl into the roof of New Stream Passage. Take care! Now follow New Stream Passage upstream ignoring the various inlets to the right, most of which link back into other parts of the system, including routes back to Mud Pot, and the 20' Pitch. Eventually, the alternating rift / bedding passage steps up into a wide cobble-strewn bedding area. Follow the low bedrock crawl to the left for two or three metres, and follow it round to the right. You will then find yourself at a T-junction. This is Labyrinth Passage again.
Go left back towards the river, and after a few metres, a passage goes off to the right. You can't miss it - it has a thin calcite flow spilling over the entrance. Follow this uphill ignoring a junction to the right, until you meet Pyridine Passage at a T-junction (Ten Foot Climb, encountered earlier, is a couple of minutes off to the right), with a prominent false floor on the left. Clamber over this, and follow the passage through a short canal to a rope climb up a rift. Ascend this, and follow the rift across a traverse above a pool, and through a window. Don't fall into the second pool! Follow the passage down, and then up to the right. This leads into the top of the impressive Mud Hall, with the entrances to both Limley Pot and Zanussi Pots at the base of the slope, as well as another connection back into Labyrinth Passage.
Don't go down the slope, but locate a passage immediately on your right, and follow this along a rift, and down a boulder slope. This enters a large fragment of passage overlooking the main river, with a large tree impressively wedged across the roof. The way on is up into a crawl, which starts a metre or so up the right hand wall. This is a comfortable-sized crawl leading to a Y-junction. Follow the smaller left passage to a cross-roads. Left goes to another window overlooking the river, straight across leads you back into the entrance series.If you have any energy left, a good exit from the system is through Church Pot. This will also allow you to explore the section of the Goyden's main passage between the entrance and Lesser Stream Passage.
To find Church Pot, instead of turning right when you can see daylight, carry straight on over a short boulder slope into the massive main chamber, with the sound of the river roaring beneath you. Make your way down the chaos of boulders past where the river emerges from Lesser Stream Passage, to the climb up into Gaskell's Passage (marked by a chain hanging down the right hand wall). Enter this, and head "downstream" until a major passage enters from the right. Follow this until it divides into two, and take the right branch. This leads to a series of climbs facilitated by aluminium ladders and fixed ropes. You'll then find yourself at the bottom of a high rift where a couple of scaffold poles have been cemented into place. Looking up, you'll see daylight. A series of vertical wriggles reach the entrance lid, which can be easily lifted from the inside. An absolutely cracking trip, taking about three hours”.

John Gardner

From www.braemoor.co.uk/cavingtrip/route17.shtml by John Gardner used with thanks.

Gavel Pot
February 19th 2004
Present:
Jack Nadin, Chris Bosomworth, Pete Wilson, Nanook, Keith Taylor (?) Liz (?) and Colin (?)

Gavel Pot Laddered Photo

Car park full! A number of those present had to park on the moor beyond the car park—which caused a few problems afterwards. A stiff breeze meant a rapid change of clothes—although there were some fine views over the Lune Valley. The pathway down to Gavel was icy with a fine covering of snow and care was needed. We laddered from the opposite side, which caused a few problems due to the mossy sides, overhangs and icy fingers—but soon all were down. The second pitch can be done with just a lifeline according to the book, but the last section is a ten-foot drop—so we laddered it to save any trouble on the way out.

The finely engineered dig through the boulder choke at the bottom gave us access to the streamway. There are some really nice formations here—a fact sometimes forgotten, and an opportunity for some snapshots by Keith and myself with new digital cameras.

Following a low section through the streamway brought us to a ten foot high climb on the right hand side, where a number of contortions and ‘thin’ bits revealed more formations in Gaskell’s Chamber. The straw chamber at the very far end however was inaccessible due to water levels blocking progress. Nevertheless several ‘interesting’ tight crawls were negotiated before progress was blocked there. More snaps of the excellent curtains and other formations were taken, before a quick exit was made. Although there was still a bitter wind blowing across the fells, the temperature must have dropped enough to unfreeze the ground. My car and Liz’s car were sinking slowing into the ground. We therefore took the opportunity to splatter Will and Chris with icy mud as they obligingly tried to push us out of the quagmire. Keith and Jack took some excellent photos on this trip, and these will be combined and copied onto a CD to provide a unique record for the club archives.

Left, the entrance pitch to Gavel Pot. Photo, Jack Nadin

 

CALL OUT LIST 1964
The following is a transcript of a document we found while looking through Roy Swindlehurst’s slides and negatives—it is a Cave Rescue Organisation Call out list for the year 1964, it might bring back a few memories. The original has been deposited in the club library.

CAVE RESCUE ORGANISATION—BURNLEY AND REEDLEY TEAM
CALL OUT LIST 12.2.1964

Police Liaison Officer
Chief Inspector McKay, Burnley Borough Police Burnley 5161
Area Organisers
T+ 3 B. Boardman 2 Grange Street, Burnley
  (first aid)  
T+ 3 R.Morris 287 Kings Causway, Brierfield, Nelson 64610
T+ 3 R. Haffner 1 Park View Brierfield, Nelson 62623
    Haffners, 4 Keirby Walk, Burnley 4069
Burnley Borough Police District
T+ 2 B. Clegg 258 Accrington Road, Burnley
    J & W Kearns, Cowpe Mills, Waterfoot, Rossendale 1791
  B.Dewhurst 25 Harling Street,Burnley
  M. Joyce 34 St Matthew Street, Burnley 7140
  G.Turner 58 Kyan Street,Burnley
    N.C.B. Bank Hall Colliery Burnley 5031
    English Electric, Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington 33241
T+2 S.M.E. Smalley 390 Colne Road, Burnley
  Lomax Ltd, St Anne’s Square, Manchester 2 tel. 7516
  K. Williams 23 Ightenhill Park Lane, Burnley
    Trafalgar Design, Wood Street Burnley 7421

Brierfield and Nelson District
  D. Metcalf 70 Regent Street, Nelson
    Rolls Royce, Bankfield, Barnoldwick 3271
T+3 S. Johnston 8, Swaledale Ave.,Reedley
    J. Lucas, Northbridge Works, Burnley 5251

N.B. T = transport, i.e. T+3 transport for person and three passengers.

Colne District
T+1 R. Crosby 28 Windsor Street,Colne
    E.A. Foulds, Albert Works, Colne 126 & 127
T P. Croasdale 27, Albert Road, Colne 1549
(T+2) R. Gillibrand c/o 27 Albert Road Colne 1549
    Bristol Tractors Ltd,(sheet metal dept.) South Bridge Works, Earby 2311
  J. Morgan 23 Rimington Avenue, Colne
T+2 P. Morgan 23 Rimington Avenue Colne.
    Hindley Brothers Ltd., Holmfield Mill Barrowford, Nelson 62424 (Permanent night shift—difficult to contact at night by phone, better thro’ police.

Padiham District
T+3 A. Clegg 4 Wilkinson Street, Higham
  (team leader) Burnley Corporation (Borough Engineer’s Office) Burnley 2102 (or via Burnley 3055, ext., 263
  Mrs Clegg 4 Wilkinson Street, Higham
    Burnley Technical School, Burnley 2110, ext., 244
  B. Elliot 33 Beech Street,Padiham
    N.C.B. Thorneybank Pit (Electrical Dept) Padiham 71501
T+5 J. Lonsdale 59 Whalley Road, Reed
    Main Morley, Gothic Works, Wyre Street, Padiham 71161 ext., 60
  N. Parker 65 Thompson Street, Padiham (Contact tel., Padiham 715
    Mullards, Simonstone, Padiham 72511 ext., 100
  R. Swindlehurst 8 Shakespeare Street, Padiham
  (team leader) Brockhall Hospital (General main. Staff) Lango, Blackburn 48045 and 48179

Clitheroe District
T A. Musgrove 42 Hayhurst Street, Clitheroe
    (At Padgate College, near Warrington—available when necessary. Warrington 32671/2
T+1 K. Purnell Heys Farm, West Bradford (Contact tel., Chatburn 401(
    Clitheroe Shirtings, Ltd Grindleton Mills, Chatburn

Additional Name
Willing to turn out, especially to local incident.
T+2 J. Kennerley 6, Norwich Avenue, Lowton near Warrington
(Explosives certificate N.C.B)

END

Top


Home Page | Site Map | About B.C.C. | Publications | Meets List | Constitution | Membership | Gallery | Archive
Contact B.C.C. | Links | Legal Notice

Site contents © Burnley Caving Club 2006